The Referential Process

Winners of the JAPA Prize

The Referential Process Research Group is pleased to announce that the paper Clinical and Research Perspectives on the Therapeutic Conversation: The Case of Ms. M by Charles Jaffe, Wilma Bucci, Bernard Maskit, and Sean Murphy is this year’s recipient of the JAPA prize.

Awarded by the editorial board of the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the JAPA prize recognizes the authors of a paper that significantly contributes to the advancement of psychoanalytic theory, clinical practice, and empirical research.

This year’s paper presents a new approach to understanding the therapeutic process and demonstrates the critical value derived from the reciprocal exchange between clinicians and researchers.

Forthcoming and Recent Events

Leon Hoffman gave his presentation “Addressing Defenses: A Core Mechanism of Change in Psychodynamic Treatments” on January 17^th, 2026 at an event organized by the Wisconsin Psychoanalytic Society.
On October 11^th, 18^th, and 25^th, 2025, the Pacella Research Center presented the online course “The Referential Process in the Psychotherapeutic Relationship” in collaboration with the University of Bergamo’s Department of Human and Social Sciences. Wilma Bucci, Attà Negri, Rachele Mariani, Riccardo Bianchi, and Christopher Christian presented on Multiple Code Theory and the Referential Process, DAAPLab and its computerized linguistic measures, and applications across clinical practice, supervision, and research.
Wilma Bucci delivered a talk titled “Levels of Awareness in Emotional Communication: A Multiple Code Perspective” as part of the 63^rdAnnual Meeting of the Rapaport-Klein Study Group on June 21^st, 2025.
As part of the Austen Riggs Center’s Friday Night Lecture Series, Christopher Christian presented his paper “The Vanishing of Culture in Psychoanalysis: History and New Directions” on April 5^th, 2024. Learn more here.
Henry Peterson addressed the North American Chapter of the Society for Psychotherapy Research at their meeting in Amherst, MA, in October 2023. He discussed his research concerning pausing in a psychotherapy treatment. A copy of his paper is available for download here.

Publications

Special Issues

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research (2025)

Introduction

Bucci, W. Remembering Dr. Bernard Maskit. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 28 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10143-7
Bucci, W., & Peterson, H. Introduction to the issue: Advances in theory and research on multiple code theory and the referential process. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 28 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10190-0

Reflections on the Legacy of Bernard Maskit

Negri, A. The scientific legacy of Bernard Maskit’s work for psychotherapy practice and research. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 30 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10152-6
Murphy, S. Reflections on Bernie Maskit and the Referential Process Research Group. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 45 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10155-3
Hoffman, L. Words, Sounds, and Images: Reflections about Bernard Maskit. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 36 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10153-5

Presentation of Core Concepts

Maskit, B., Bucci, W. A journey through the land of DAAP… J Psycholinguist Res 54, 34 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10145-5
Susskind, P. Maskit’s Mathematical Contributions: The Smoothing Operator and DAAP Measures. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 47 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10158-0

Advances in Theory

Negri, A., Barazzetti, A. Epistemological Foundation for the Use of the Linguistic Measures of the Referential Process. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 33 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10149-1
Hoffman, L. Unconscious Fantasy and Emotion Schema. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 35 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10146-4

Applications 1: Process and Outcome

Mariani, R., Di Trani, M., Solano, L. et al. An Overview of Referential Process Linguistic Measures in the Italian Language… J Psycholinguist Res 54, 31 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10154-4
Hong, J., Watson, J.C. Exploring the Discourse Attributes of Referential Process in Emotion Focused and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for Depression. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 39 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10151-7
Tocatly, K. Characterizing the Language of Therapist Interventions in Moments of High Patient Arousal. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 51 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10164-2
Mariani, R. Giovanna, M.M., Alessia, R. et al. The Weight of Words… J Psycholinguist Res 54, 32 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10150-8

Applications 2: Micro-Process

Jaffe, C.M. A Clinician-Research Collaboration: The Road to Ms. M. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 42 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10147-3
Christian, C., Bincoletto, A.F., Mariani, R. et al. Specificities of Mental Functioning and Referential Process in Body Dysmorphic Disorder… J Psycholinguist Res 54, 46 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10162-4
Peterson, H. Changes in Speech Rhythm and Language-Style Between In-Person and Remote Treatment. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 38 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10157-1

Conclusion

Bucci, W. Concluding notes—looking back; looking forward. J Psycholinguist Res 54, 41 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-025-10156-2

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research (2021): Connecting Feelings, Thoughts and Words: The Referential Process in Theory, Research and Clinical Studies

Section One: Basic theory and research on the referential process

Bucci, W. (2021). Overview of the referential process: The operation of language within and between people. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 3-15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09759-2

Bucci, W. (2021). Development and validation of measures of referential activity. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 17-27.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09760-9

Maskit, B. (2021). Overview of computer measures of the referential process. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 29–49.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09761-8

Zhou, Y., Maskit, B., Bucci, W. et al. (2021). Development of WRRL: A new computerized measure of the reflecting/reorganizing function. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 51-64
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09762-7

Section Two: Experimental and empirical studies

Negri, A., & Ongis, M. (2021). Stimulus features of the object relations technique affecting the linguistic qualities of individuals’ narratives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 65–83.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09764-5

Maskit, B., Bucci, W., Murphy, S. et al. (2021). Referential activity as a measure of episodic memory. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 85–101.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09766-3

Murphy, S., Melandri, E. & Bucci, W. (2021). The effects of story-telling on emotional experience: An experimental paradigm. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 117–142.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09765-4

Fertuck, E.A., Dambreville, N., Diamond, D. et al. (2021). Referential activity differentially mediates expression of positive and negative emotions in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 155–167.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09767-2

Nelson, K.L., Murphy, S.M. & Bucci, W. (2021). Narrativity and referential activity predict episodic memory strength in autobiographical memories. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 103–116.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09763-6

Section Three: Clinical Applications

Christian, C., Barzilai, E., Nyman, J., & Negri, A. (2021). Assessing key linguistic dimensions of ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 143–153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09768-1

Bucci, W., Crisafulli, G. (2021). Linguistic measures of the therapeutic process in Carl Rogers’s case of Miss Vib. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 169–192.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09769-0

Mariani, R., & Hoffman, L. (2021). Analytic Process and Linguistic Style: Exploring Analysts’ Treatment Notes in the Light of Linguistic Measures of the Referential Process. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1) 193-206.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09771-6

Zhang, X., & Bucci, W. (2021). Locating Nodal Moments Within Psychotherapy Sessions: A Mixed-Methods Study Using a Computerized Measure and Therapist Comments. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 50(1), 223–230.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-021-09772-5

Conclusion

Bucci, W., & Maskit, B. (2021). Concluding Notes and Future Directions. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 50(1), 231–237.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09741-4

Selected Publications

2020 – Present

Negri, A., Mariani, R., Lingiardi, V., Christian, C. (2024). A Single Case Multimethod Assessment to Detect Significant Changes in the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Psychosomatic Disorders, Psychotherapy Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2024.2312978

Christian, C. (2024). On Approaching, Race, Class, and the Unconscious: A Case Study of Ataque de Nervios. In David Goodman and M. Mookie C. Manalili (editors), Meaningless Suffering, Traumatic Marginalisation, and Ethical Responsibility. London: Routledge.

Jaffe, C. M., Bucci, W., Maskit, B., & Murphy, S. (2024). Clinical and Research Perspectives on the Therapeutic Conversation: The Case of Ms. M. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 72(6), 911-952. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651241256650

Renzi, A., Mariani, R., Fedele, F., Maniaci, V. G., Petrovska, E., D’Amelio, R., Mazzoni, G., & Di Trani, M. (2023). Women’s Narratives on Infertility as a Traumatic Event: An Exploration of Emotional Processing through the Referential Activity Linguistic Program. Healthcare, 11(22), 2919. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222919

Gennaro, A., Rocco, D., Negri, A., Auletta, A., Marinaci, T., Dell’Arciprete, G., Kerusauskaite Skaiste, G., & Salvatore, S. (2022). The Role of Interpretation in Fostering the Psychotherapy Process: Evidence from a Single Case Study. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3320

Negri, A., Castiglioni, M., Caldiroli, C.L., & Barazzetti, A. (2022). Language and Intelligence: A Relationship Supporting the Embodied Cognition Hypothesis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(3), 42, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030042

Negri, A., & Christian, C. (2022). Changes in Clinical Process as a Result of Online Therapy: Findings from a Single Case Study. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 50(4), 659–671, https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.4.659

Negri, A., De Bei, F., Christian, C., & Rocco, D. (2022). Relationship between countertransference and emotional communication in the counselling process. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3442

Bucci, W. (2021) Emotional Communication and Therapeutic Change: Understanding Psychotherapy through Multiple Code Theory, London: Routledge.

Mariani, R., Gennaro, A., Monaco, S., Di Trani, M., & Salvatore, S. (2021). Narratives of Dreams and Waking Thoughts: Emotional Processing in Relation to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 745081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745081

Mariani, R., Monaco, S., Christian , C., & Di Trani, M. (2021). Dreaming in quarantine: linguistic analysis of referential process of dreams during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.537

Webster, J., Bucci, W. & Petrovska, E. (2021) Research on the Psychoanalytic Process: The Case of Mrs. C. Special issue, Division Review: A Quarterly Psychoanalytic Forum (24).

Mariani, R., Di Trani, M., Negri, A., & Tambelli, R. (2020). Linguistic Analysis of Autobiographical Narratives in Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders in Light of Multiple Code Theory. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.170

Negri, A., Andreoli, G., Barazzetti, A., Zamin, C., & Christian, C. (2020). Linguistic Markers of the Emotion Elaboration Surrounding the Confinement Period in the Italian Epicenter of COVID-19 Outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 568281. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568281

Negri, A., Andreoli, G., Mariani, R., De Bei, F, Rocco, D., Greco, A., & Bucci, W. (2020). First Validation of the Referential Process Post-session Scale – Therapist version (RPPS-T). Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(6), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200601

2010 – 2019

Bucci, W. (2019) The power of language in emotional life. (Il ruolo del linguaggio nella vita emotiva) Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 53, 379-404.

Hoffman, L. (2019). Analytic process from the perspective of conflict and interpersonal/relational theory: A potential linguistic indicator. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 55(4), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2019.1669407

Negri, A., Christian, C., Mariani, R., Belotti, L., Andreoli, G., & Danskin, K. (2019). Linguistic features of the therapeutic alliance in the first session: a psychotherapy process study. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 22(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2019.374

Bucci, W. (2018) The primary process as a transitional concept: New perspectives from cognitive psychology and affective neuroscience. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 38(3), 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2018.1430966

Bucci, W. (2018) Emotional communication in the case of Antonio. Psychoanalytic Inquiry. 38(7), 518-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2018.1504581

Di Trani, M., Mariani, R., Renzi, A., Greenman, P. S., & Solano, L. (2018). Alexithymia according to Bucci’s multiple code theory: A preliminary investigation with healthy and hypertensive individuals. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91(2), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12158

Bucci, W. (2016) Divide and multiply: A multi-dimensional view of dissociative processes. In Howells, E.F. & Itzkowitz, S. (Eds.) The Dissociative Mind in Psychoanalysis: Understanding and working with trauma (pp. 187-199). Routledge

Bucci, W., Maskit, M. & Murphy, S. (2016) Connecting emotions and words: The referential process. Phenomenology and Cognitive Science DOI 10.1007/s11097-015-9417-z, 15(3), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-015-9417-z

Hoffman, L. (2014) Language, Representation, Meaning, Resonances “Book Review: Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 62(5), 909-914.

Bucci, W. (2013) The referential process as a common factor across treatment modalities. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 16(1), 16-23. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2013.86

Bucci, W. (2013) The enduring hope of shared creative exploration: Some thoughts on the work of Philip Bromberg. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 49(3), 420-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2013.10779257

Hoffman, L., Algus, J., Braun, W., Bucci, W., and Maskit, B (2013). Treatment Notes: Objective measures of language style point to clinical insights. J of the American Psychoanalytic Association: 61:535-568. http://apa.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/05/13/0003065113489026. This was also presented at the Michigan Psychoanalytic Society and the PPRS at the American Psychoanalytic Association.

Mariani, R., Maskit, B., Bucci, W. & De Coro, A. (2013) Linguistic measures of the referential process in psychodynamic treatment: The English and Italian versions, Psychotherapy Research, 23(4), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.794399

Bucci, W., Maskit, B., and Hoffman, L. (2012). Objective Measures of Subjective Experience: The Use of Therapist Notes in Process-Outcome Research. Psychodynamic Psychiatry 40(2) 303–340

Bucci, W. (2011). The Role of Embodied Communication in Therapeutic Change: A Multiple Code Perspective. In Tschacher, W. & Bergomi, C. (Eds) The Implications of Embodiment: Cognition and Communication Exeter: Imprint Academic, pp. 209-228

Bucci, W. (2011). The Interplay of Subsymbolic and Symbolic Processes in Psychoanalytic Treatment: It Takes Two to Tango—But Who Knows the Steps, Who’s The Leader? The Choreography of the Psychoanalytic Interchange. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 21, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2011.545326

Bucci, W. (2011). The role of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in the reconstruction of dissociated schemas; converging perspectives from psychoanalysis, cognitive science and affective neuroscience. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 28(2), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023170

Bucci, W. (2010). The Uncertainty Principle in the Psychoanalytic Process. In J. Petrucelli (Ed.) Knowing, Not-Knowing and Sort-of-Knowing: Psychoanalysis and the Experience of Uncertainty (pp. 203-214). Karnac Books.

Christian, C., Hoffman. L , Bucci, W., Mulroe, M., and Worth, M. (2010). Symbolization and Emotional Engagement In Mothers’ Reports of Child Care Activities. Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 7(1):22-39.

2000 – 2009

Pavlinovic, L., Bucci, W., Hoffman, L., & Maskit, B. (2009). Evaluation of psychoanalytic treatment notes

Bucci, W. (2008). The role of bodily experience in emotional organization. In F. S. Anderson (Ed.) Bodies in Treatment; The Unspoken Dimension (pp. 51-77) https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690701468157. The Analytic Press, Inc.

Bucci, W. (2007) Four Domains Of Experience In The Therapeutic Discourse. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 27(5), 617-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690701468157

Bucci, W. (2007) Building the interface of research and practice; Achievements and Unresolved Questions. In Bucci, W. and Freedman, N. ( Eds.). From Impression to Inquiry: The Integration of Clinical and Research Perspectives in the work of Robert Wallerstein (pp. 175-204). International Psychoanalytical Association Press.

Bucci, W. (2007) Dissociation from the perspective of multiple code theory: Part I; Psychological roots and implications for psychoanalytic treatment. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 43(2), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2007.10745903

Bucci, W. (2007) Dissociation from the perspective of multiple code theory: Part II; The spectrum of dissociative processes in the psychoanalytic relationship. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 43(3), 305-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2007.10745912

Bucci, W., Freedman, N., Eds. (2007) From Impression to Inquiry: The Integration of Clinical and Research Perspectives in the work of Robert Wallerstein. International Psychoanalytical Association Press.

Freedman, N., Bucci, W. (2007) Robert Wallerstein’s vision and the evolution of psychoanalytic research – the one and the many. In Bucci, W. & Freedman, N. (Eds) From Impression to Inquiry: The Integration of Clinical and Research Perspectives in the work of Robert Wallerstein (pp. 1-10). International Psychoanalytical Association Press.

Roussos, A.J., Bucci, W., and Maskit B. (2007) A second generation clinical library: First steps. In Bucci, W. & Freedman, N. (Eds) From Impression to Inquiry: The Integration of Clinical and Research Perspectives in the work of Robert Wallerstein (pp. 152-174). International Psychoanalytical Association Press.

Hoffman, A. G. (2006). Is psychoanalysis a poetics of the body?. American imago, 63(4), 395-422.

Bucci, W. (2005) Basic concepts and methods of psychoanalytic process research. In Person, E., Cooper, A., and Gabbard, G. (Eds.) Textbook of Psychoanalysis (pp. 339-355). American Psychiatric Press.

Maskit, B., Shanahan, J. G., Qu, Y., & Wiebe, J. (2005). A weighted dictionary for Referential Activity. Computing Attitude and Affect in Text, 49-60.

Bucci, W. (2004) Kognitionswissenschaften un Psychoanalyse: Neue Perspektiven zur Multiple-Code Theorie. In Giampieri-Deutsch, P. (Ed.) Psychoanalyse im Dialog der Wissenschaften. Vienna: Kohlhammer.

Fertuck, E.A., Bucci, W., Blatt, S.J., and Ford, R.A. (2004) Verbal representation and therapeutic change in anaclitic and introspective inpatients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.1.13

Bucci, W. (2003) Varieties of dissociative experiences: A multiple code account and a discussion of Bromberg’s case of William. Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol. 20(3), 542-557. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.20.3.542

Bucci, W. (2002) The language of emotions; An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Evolution and Cognition, 8(), 172-183.

Bucci, W. (2002) The challenge of diversity in modern psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19(1), 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.19.1.216

Bucci, W. (2002) From subsymbolic to symbolic – and back; Therapeutic impact of the referential process. In Lasky, R. (Ed), Symbolization and Desymbolization: Essays in Honor of Norbert Freedman (pp. 50-74). Other Press.

Bucci, W. (2002) Multiple code theory and the Referential process: Applications to Process Research. In Fonagy et al., (Eds.) An Open Door Review of Outcome Studies in Psychoanalysis; Second Edition (pp. 192-195). International Psychoanalytical Association.

Bucci, W. (2002) The Referential Process, Consciousness, and the Sense of Self Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 22, 766-793. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692209349017

Bucci, W. (2001) Pathways of emotional communication. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 20(1), 40-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692109348923

Bucci, W. (2001) Toward a “psychodynamic science”: The state of current research. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651010490010401

Bucci, W. (2001) En apoyo de la inferencia psicoanalítica: el rol de los modelos psicológicos”, in Maldavsky, D. (Ed.) Subjetividad y procesos cognitivos. http://dspace.uces.edu.ar:8180/xmlui/handle/123456789/533

Bucci, W., Zoppi L., & Solano L. (2001) Teoria del codice multiplo e attività referenziale: significato e impieghi nella ricerca sulla salute. In Solano L. (Ed.) Tra Mente e Corpo: come si costruisce la salute, Roma: Raffaello Cortina, pp.231-255.

Bucci, W. (2000) The need for a “psychoanalytic psychology” in the cognitive science field. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 17(2), 203-224. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.17.2.203

Prior to 2000

Bucci, W. (1999) The multiple code theory and the “third ear”; The role of theory and research in clinical practice. Psichiatria e Psicoterapia Analitica, 18(4), 299-310.

Jepson, L. and Bucci, W. (1999) Object relations and referential activity in physically abused adolescents. Adolescence, 34(136), 781-792.

Mergenthaler, E. and Bucci, W. (1999) Linking verbal and nonverbal representations: Computer analysis of Referential Activity. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72(3), 339-354. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711299160040

Bucci, W. (1998) Transformation of meanings in the analytic discourse; A strategy for research. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, 6(2), 233-260.

Bucci, W. (1998) Toward a scientific model of the psychoanalytic process: A new “Project”. Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 15, 257-280.

Bucci, W. (1997) Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A multiple code theory. N.Y. Guilford Press.

Bucci, W. (1997) Symptoms and symbols; A multiple code theory of somatization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 17(2), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351699709534117

Bucci, W. (1997) Referential Activity and the CCRT. 20th Ulm Workshop of Empirical Research in Psychoanalysis, June 19 – 21, 1997. On line publication. http://sip.medizin.uni-ulm.de/Ulm20/Start.htm, Ulmer Textbank. (CD ROM, 20th Workshop).

Bucci, W. (1997) Patterns of discourse in “good” and troubled hours; A multiple code interpretation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 45(1), 155-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651970450010301

Bucci, W. (1995) The power of the narrative; A multiple code account. In Pennebaker, J. (Ed.) Emotion, Disclosure and Health (pp. 93-122). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10182-005

Bucci, W. (1994) The multiple code theory and the psychoanalytic process: A Framework for Research. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 22, 239-259.

Bucci, W. (1994) The multiple code theory and the referential process; A new framework for psychoanalytic research. In Caro, I. (Ed.) Psicoterapia e Investigacion de Proceso (Psychotherapy and Process Research). Valencia, Spain: Editorial Promolibro.

Bucci, W. (1993). The development of emotional meaning in free association: A multiple code theory. In A. Wilson & J. E. Gedo (Eds.), Hierarchical concepts in psychoanalysis: Theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 3-47). Guilford Press.

Bucci, W. and Kabasakalian, R. and the RA Research Group (1992). Instructions for scoring Referential Activity (RA) in transcripts of spoken narrative texts. Ulm, Germany; Ulmer Textbank.

Bucci, W. (1989) When language fails: A psychoanalytic appraisal of alexithymic disorders. Contemporary Psychology, 35(2), DOI: 10.1037/028265

Bucci, W. (1989) A reconstruction of Freud’s tally argument: A program for psychoanalytic research. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 9(2), 249-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351698909533766

Bucci W. (1988) Converging Evidence for Emotional Structures: Theory and Method. In Dahl H., Kächele H., Thomä H. (Eds), Psychoanalytic Process Research Strategies (pp. 29-49). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74265-1_3

Bucci, W. (1988) A dual coding “glossary” for the psychoanalytic process. Forum of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 32, 8–11.

Bucci, W. (1985) Dual Coding: A cognitive model for psychoanalytic research. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 33(3), 571-607. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306518503300305

Bucci, W. (1984) Linking words and things: Basic processes and individual variation. Cognition, 17(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(84)90016-7

Bucci, W. (1982) The vocalization of painful affect. Journal of Communication Disorders, 15, 415–440.

Dissertations

Allured, W. (1993). Evenly-hovering attention. (Publishing No. 9311098) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Alter, G. (1990). Language style and facilitative conditions in psychotherapy: The effects of patients’ referential activity on therapists’ level of empathy. A psychoanalytic process study. (Publication No. 9029115) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Andrei, C. (2011). A multi-perspective analysis of a psychodynamic treatment. (Publication No. 3491569) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Angiel, Melissa. (2000). The development of an objective measure of gender differences in spoken language. (Publication No. 9984831) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Appelman, E. (1993). Mothers’ attachment and referential activity. (Publication No. 9327342). [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Baerson, A. (1997). Silent communication in a long-term therapy relationship. (Publication No. 9817127) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ben-Meir, M. (2005). The nature of language in anorexia nervosa: A multiple code account. (Publication No. 3193148) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Block, H. (1990). The relationship of referential activity to depressive and aggressive behavior in 14-18-year-old adolescents. (Publication No. 9031836) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Bonner, M. (1988). Naming deficiency as a factor in dyslexia. (Publication No. 8814646) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Bowen, J. (1987). The relationship between imagery and referential activity. (Publication No. 8723367) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Bryant, L. (1994). Signal and annihilation anxiety in dreams and nightmares. An exploration. (Publication No. 9418961) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Cahn, A. (1988). The capacity to acknowledge experience in Holocaust survivors and their children. (Publication No. 8810992) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Caproni, P. (1988). Sandplay: Window on the representational world. A projective adaptation of Lowenfeld’s world technique. (Publication No. 8903632) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Chase-Conant, D. (1989). Ego development, interpretation experience, and object relations. (Publication No. 9019542) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Creelman, M. (2000). Menstrual cycle effects on symbolization and integration of affect in dreams. (Publication No. 9983995) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Danov, R. (2003). Factors contributing to the emergence and treatment of aggression in inner-city mentally ill youths. (Publication No. 3103523) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Davies, J. (1989). The development of emotional and interpersonal structures in three-year old children. (Publication No. 8916985) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Dodd, M. (1988). Measures of the orientation process. (Publication No. 8816813) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Dove, K. (2005). Factors affecting timing of therapeutic work in the referential process. (Publication No. 3176926) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Doyle, L. (1999). The referential cycle of the multiple code theory and the CCRT: A validation study. (Publication No. 3046381) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ehrmann, S. (1997). Computer measures of the cycles model: The German version. (Publication No. 9801843) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ellenhorn, T. (1989). The symbolic transformations of subjective experience in discourse. (Publication No. 8919754) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ernsberger, D.L. (1989). Referential activity, imagery and temperature biofeedback. (Publication No. 8914318) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Falk, J. (2001). Development of a category method for evaluating analysts’ judgments of psychoanalytic material: A method for use in validating the referential process measures against clinical judgment. (Publication No. 9995496) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Fayne, M. (1990). The impact of aspects of the therapist’s interventions on the patient’s referential activity. (Publication No. 9031837) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ferguson, R. (1991). The interaction of systemic and psychodynamic variables in psychotherapeutic communication. (Publication No. 3176926) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Fertuck, E. (1998). Cognitive-affective schemas and the therapeutic change in anaclitic and introjective inpatients: A linguistic approach. (Publication No. 9904667) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Fox, A. (2003). The schizoid personality in “Against Nature”: A theoretical and empirical analysis. (Publication No. 3103524) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Frischer, A. (1997). The cycles model in relation to treatment process and outcome: An empirical study. (Publication No. 9720751). [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Gautier Carlin, M. (1991). Transformation of mental representations during pregnancy. (Publication No. 9127717) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Graham, E. (2008). Telling silences in analytic sessions: clinical meanings of pauses and affective valence in the referential process. (Publication No. 3347422). [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Guiter-Mazer, I. (1997). Predictors of treatment outcome in severely mentally ill inpatients. (Publication No. 9717703). [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Hanakawa, Y. (2004). Comparison of linguistic and acoustic analyses of schizophrenic language. (Publication No. 3148847). [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Hollander, M. (1990). The unconscious structured like a language: A study of the paradigmatic/syntactic axes and referential activity of the hysteroid and obsessoid subject. (Publication No. 9027483) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Jaffe, L. (1985). Maternal symbolic and psycholinguistic behaviors and the child’s evolving capacity to tolerate separation. (Publication No. 8609633) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kabasakalian-McKay, R. (1995). Referential activity, object relations, and affiliative trust-mistrust as predictors of treatment outcome in short-term dynamic therapy for major depression. (Publication No. 8609633) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kagan, D. (May 2005). A study of psychoanalytic process in a single case study. (Publication No. 3166882). [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

King, S. (2011). They were born with two tongues: Bilingual Asian American emotional disclosure of personal memories. (Publication No. 3485035) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kingsley, G. (2009). The clinical validation of measures of the referential process. (Publication No. 3377938) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kleber, M. (1996). The effects of therapist self-disclosure on referential activity and related language measures in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. (Publication No. 9634143) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Knaan-Kostman, I. (2006). Maturation, referential activity, and aggression during first pregnancy: An empirical study of pregnant women’s dreams and reveries. (Publication No. 3200293) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kolod, S. (March 1988). A comparison of deaf adolescents from hearing parents or deaf parents with respect to level of self and object representation. (Publication No. 8817062) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Kristal, J. (1988). From language to communication: Exploration of the referential function from a developmental perspective. (Publication No. 8728155) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Laren, S. (1997). Differences in affect expression and object relations in the early memories of Spanish-English coordinate bilinguals. (Publication No. 9801847) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Leeds, J. (1989). Repetition, science and psychoanalysis: Theoretical considerations and an empirical study. (Publication No. 8905007) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Lilling, A. M. (1992). The relationship between Referential Activity and insight: A psychoanalytic psychotherapy process study. (Publication No. 9222936) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Litt, L. (1996). Prenatal attachment and body image in first pregnancy: Relationship to self and object representation. (Publication No. 9640296) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Lockman, D. (2008). The relationship between the referential process and adult attachment style. (Publication No. 3335382) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Lourie, M. (1992). The relationship of narcissism, self-representation, and language. (Publication No. 9306341) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Lowder, G. (2007). It’s hard to say: The challenge of connecting emotions and language for first-time mothers. (Publication No. 3294026) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Marom, A. (2010). Finding past within the present: The significance of the Holocaust experience for the third generation. (Publication No. 3437949) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

McMath, W. (1992). The effect of the therapist’s language style on patient referential activity: A psychotherapy process study. (Publication No. 9131041) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Meisels, L. (1998). Aggression and pregnancy in the psychoanalytic relationship: An empirical study. (Publication No. 9905856) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Merchant, A. (2012). A history of the history keepers: A look at the development of play of child and adolescent analysts. (Publication No. 3531652) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Miller, N. (1996). The effect of antidepressants on language and symptoms. (Publication No. 9717834) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Miller, S. (1994). The waking nightmare: A study of PTSD in Vietnam veterans. (Publication No. 9419307) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Morey, J. (1992). Towards an empirically based theory of mind in schizophrenia: Cognitive processes, symptomatology, and referential activity. (Publication No. 9419307) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Murphy, S. (2012). Components of the referential process as measures of therapeutic change: Development of normative and psychometric properties. (Publication No. 3530388) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Pavlinovic, L. (2010). The role of reported dreams in treatment. (Publication No. 3470358) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Phillips, Y. (2001). Developmental continuity: Psychoanalytic perspectives and the effect of methodology. (Publication No. 3024397) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Profis, S. (2005). Attachment and the therapeutic relationship in a therapy analogue study. (Publication No. 3166883) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Pruscino, A. (1986). The effects of birth order on perceptions of parents in young adults. (Publication No. 8707219) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Quinland, M. (1992). Is “alexithymia” but a dimension of the concept known as referential activity: A study to define the psychological phenomenon known as alexithymia. (Publication No. 9300252) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ravitz, G. (2013) The observer observed: The parallel emotional experiences of the observer and the mother in infant observations. (Publication No. 9300252) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ritter, M. (2009). Rhythms of dialogue and referential activity: Implicit process across procedural and verbal realms. (Publication No. 3376160) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Rojas-Flores, L. (1999). Symptoms, language quality, and schizophrenia: A cross-cultural comparison of Hispanics and non-Hispanics. (Publication No. 9939452) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Rosow, J. (1997). The multiple code theory and the language of psychotherapy: The development of standardized measurement techniques. (Publication No. 9806033) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Roy, M. (2007). Patients’ post-termination, self-reported effectiveness of treatment, and the representation of the therapeutic dialogue. (Publication No. 3281747) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Samstag, N. (1996). A meta-analysis of referential activity. (Publication No. 9705478) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Schack, S. (2000). The referential cycle and the epigenetic assessment rating scale: Areas of convergence and divergence within the analytic hour. (Publication No. 9960120) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Seewaldt, V. (2006). Using the CCRT to interpret the TAT: Understanding the phenomenon of “card pull”. (Publication No. 3213089) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Segal, J. (1990). A validation study of sandplay as a projective technique. (Publication No. 9030531) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Sgouras, H. (1988). The impact of sex role expectations on perceptions of behavior in home and business settings. (Publication No. 8816984) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Shapiro, J. (1990). Referential activity in shame and guilt. (Publication No. 9030532) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Shaw, J. (2014). Early development of the interaction of language and movement and its effects. (Publication No. 9030531) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Singer, M. (2004) The extraordinary ambivalence of musical performance: A special case of symbolization. (Publication No. 3147367) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Shoham, M. (2004). Psychodynamic and psycholinguistic correlates of poetry. (Publication No. 3114593) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Spivack, N. (1996). Measuring mutual influence in the analytic discourse. (Publication No. 9709091) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Sternberg, A. (1995). Psychological assessment of the child patient using sandplay. (Publication No. 9537107) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Stringer, E. (1993). The emotional lives of writers and the development of their work: Effects of psychotherapy on writers’ productivity. (Publication No. 9409854) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Udoff, A. (1995). “Maternalism” in psychoanalytic process: An empirical study. (Publication No. 9532452) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Von Korff, P. (1986). Referential activity and therapeutic process. (Publication No. 8629147) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Waine, L. (2004). Adult attachment style differences in the referential process in a 5-minute monologue. (Publication No. 3131251) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Ward, L. (2005). Integrating clinical judgments and psychotherapy process measures in two psychoanalytic treatments. (Publication No. 3168801) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Wallace, J. (2006) The special language of suicide in the life and art of a poet: The referential process in the poetry and letters of Anne Sexton. (Publication No. 3234232) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Welsh, M. (2009). The emotional effects of storytelling: An analogue study. (Publication No. 3394526) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Wiecha von Korff, J. (1993). Person perception as a function of gender-linked features of speech. (Publication No. 9332922) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Wilson, R. E. (1996). The effects of black consciousness of black therapists on their countertransferential perceptions of their black and white patients. (Publication No. 9705479) [Doctoral Dissertation, Adelphi University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

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